A century after the Titanic disaster, scientists have found an unexpected culprit for the sinking: the moon.
Anyone
who knows history or has seen the blockbuster movies knows that the
cause of the transatlantic liner's accident 100 years ago next month was
that it hit an iceberg.
"But
the lunar connection may explain how an unusually large number of
icebergs got into the path of the Titanic," said Donald Olson, a Texas
State University physicist whose team of forensic astronomers examined the moon's role.
Ever
since the Titanic sank in the early hours of April 15, 1912, killing
1,517 people, researchers have puzzled over Captain Edward Smith's
seeming disregard of warnings that icebergs were in the area where the
ship was sailing.
Smith was the most experienced captain in the White Star Line and had sailed the North Atlantic sea lanes on numerous occasions. He
had been assigned to the maiden voyage of the Titanic because he was a
knowledgeable and careful seaman.
Greenland
icebergs of the type that the Titanic struck generally become stuck in
the shallow waters off Labrador and Newfoundland, and cannot resume
moving southward until they have melted enough to re-float or a high
tide frees them, Olson said.
So
how was it that such a large number of icebergs had floated so far
south that they were in the shipping lanes well south of Newfoundland
that night?
The
team investigated speculation by the late oceanographer Fergus Wood that
an unusually close approach by the moon in January 1912 may have
produced such high tides that far more icebergs than usual managed to
separate from Greenland, and floated, still fully grown, into shipping
lanes that had been moved south that spring because of reports of
icebergs.
Olson
said a "once-in-many-lifetimes" event occurred on January 4, 1912, when
the moon and sun lined up in such a way that their gravitational pulls
enhanced each other. At the same time, the moon's closest approach to
earth that January was the closest in 1,400 years, and the point of
closest approach occurred within six minutes of the full moon. On top of
that, the Earth's closest approach to the sun in a year had happened
just the previous day.
"This configuration maximized the moon's tide-raising forces on the Earth's oceans," Olson said. "That's remarkable."
His
research determined that to reach the shipping lanes by mid-April, the
iceberg that the Titanic struck must have broken off from Greenland in
January 1912. The high tide caused by the bizarre combination of
astronomical events would have been enough to dislodge icebergs and give
them enough buoyancy to reach the shipping lanes by April, he said.
Olson's
team has sought to use tide patterns to determine exactly when Julius
Caesar invaded Britain and prove the legend that Mary Shelley was
inspired by a bright full moon shining through her window to write the gothic classic "Frankenstein."The
team's Titanic research may have vindicated Captain Smith - albeit a
century too late - by showing that he had a good excuse to react so
casually to a report of ice in the ship's path. He had no reason at the
time to believe that the bergs he was facing were as numerous or as
large as they turned out to be, Olson said.
"In astronomical terms, the odds of all these variables lining up in just the way they did was, well, astronomical," he said.
The research will appear in the April issue of "Sky & Telescope" magazine.
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